Classical Liberalism

I INTRODUCTION During the 18th and 19th centuries, a period characterized by unprecedental social change and progress, Liberalism was the prevalent ideology in Europe and America. The atmosphere of liberty and free enterprise lead to rapid development of science, technology and industry. Physics moved from Newton to Einstein, alchemy transformed into chemistry, medicine jumped from […]

Introduction The period spanning from 1687 to 1789 saw the birth of three modern sciences: Physics, economics and chemistry. Modern physics began with Sir Isaac Newton's (1642-1727) book, "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), published in 1687. Modern economics emerged with Adam Smith's (1723-90) book, An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes […]

Symbols: B=Bulk of merchandises and services exchanged by money in a given period. It includes raw material and work, together with finished goods. p = Average price per unit of B. G= Goods and services marketed by final users in a given period. P=Average Price per unit of G. C=Average cost of production, transport and […]

1. Introduction In his introduction to a radio-broadcasted course on Fascism, a known Israeli political writer and lecturer classified the 20th-century ideologies under two categories, which he referred to as "constructive" and "non-constructive", respectively. Under the "constructive" category, he included those ideologies, such as Marxism, Fascism, and Nazism, which are characterized by their commitment to […]

1. Laws Substitution of the rule of man with the rule of law is the prime requisite for assuring citizen's liberty. The rule of the law requires the submission of all, citizens and governors, to the law (L1). The rule of law, while preserving citizens' freedom by imposing strict limitations to the men in charge […]